更新时间：作者：小小条
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
题目要求/说明：
阅读以下文本。为每个编号的空格选择最合适的单词（或短语），并在答题卡上标出对应选项A、B、C或D。（共10分）
"Directions" 在此语境下译为 "题目要求" 或 "答题说明"，而非直译“方向”。
There’s nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings.
没有什么比一扇为你自动打开的门更让人感到宾至如归了。无需触碰即可开关，自动门对于保障残障人士进入建筑物以及为商业建筑提供普遍便利至关重要。
Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years 4 by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt. They 5 as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly 7 in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors 8 crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people’s way.
自动滑动门于1960年作为商业产品问世，而这一发明实际上是由美国人迪·霍顿（Dee Horton）和卢·休伊特（Lew Hewitt）在六年前（即1954年）完成的。最初，它们仅作为一种新奇的功能出现，但随着应用范围的扩大，其用途在技术高度发达的社会中不断扩展。尤其在繁忙场所或紧急情况下，这类门通过减少通行障碍，显著优化了人群管理。
9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area 10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each 13 specific signals to tell them when to open. 14 these methods differ, the main 15 remain the same.
自动门不仅让人们进出建筑更加便利，其多样化的开启方式还有助于减少门体占用的总面积。常见的自动门采用侧滑设计，门板相互平行滑动。通过取代传统的平开门，这类门使小型建筑能够最大化利用内部空间，而无需为突出的门扇预留额外通道。自动门种类繁多，每种门都需接收特定信号以触发开关动作。尽管这些方法各不相同，但其核心功能原理始终一致。
Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in. 18 , a busy street might not 19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure-sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area.
每套自动门系统都会探测（detects）周围的光线、声音、重量或运动作为开启信号。传感器的选择需适应（suit）其应用环境的需求。例如（For instance），繁忙的街道可能不适合（be suitable for）使用运动感应门，因为它会因路人频繁经过而不断开启。此时，压力感应垫则能更有效地（effective）限制检测范围。
1. A. Through B. Despite
C. Besides D. Without
1. A. 通过 B. 尽管
C. 除了…外（还） D. 无需
2. A. revealing B. demanding
C. improving D. tracing
2. A. 揭示 B. 要求高的
C. 提升 D. 追踪
3. A. experience B. convenience
C. guidance D. reference
3. A. 经历 B. 便利性
C. 指导 D. 参考
4. A. previously B. temporarily
C. successively D. eventually
4. A. 以前 B. 暂时地
C. 连续地 D. 最终
5. A. held on B. started out
C. settled down D. went by
5. A. 坚持/持续 B. 起初是
C. 稳定下来 D. 时间流逝/遵循
6. A. relations B. volumes
C. benefits D. sources
6. A. 关联 B. 数量
C. 优势 D. 源头
7. A. useful B. simple
C. flexible D. stable
7. A. 实用的 B. 简单的
C. 灵活的 D. 稳定的
8. A. call for B. yield to
C. insist on D. act as
8. A. 需要 B. 让步
C. 坚持 D. 充当
9. A. As well as B. In terms of
C. Thanks to D. Rather than
9. A.以及 B. 在…方面
C. 由于/多亏 D. 而非
10. A. connected B. shared
C. represented D. occupied
10. A. 连接的 B. 共享的
C. 代表的 D. 占用的
11. A. allow B. expect
C. require D. direct
11. A. 允许/使能够 B. 期望
C. 需要 D. 引导/指挥
12. A. adopt B. lead
C. clear D. change
12. A. 采用 B. 导致/引领
C. 清理/让出 D. 改变
13. A. adapting to B. deriving from
C. relying on D. pointing at
14. A. Once B. Since
C. Unless D. Although
14. A. 一旦 B. 自从/既然
C. 除非 D. 尽管
15. A. records B. positions
C. principles D. reasons
15. A. 记录 B. 位置
C. 原则 D. 原因
16. A. controls B. analyses
C. produces D. mixes
16. A. 控制 B. 分析
C. 生产 D. 混合
17. A. decorate B. compare
C. protect D. complement
17. A. 装饰/授勋 B. 比较
C. 保护 D. 补充
18. A. In conclusion B. By contrast
C. For example D. Above all
18. A. 总之/最后 B. 与此相反
C. 例如 D. 最重要的是
19. A. identify B. suit
C. secure D. include
19. A. 确认 B. 适合/套装
C. 保护/获得 D. 包括
20. A. appropriate B. obvious
C. impressive D. delicate
20. A. 合适的 B. 明显的
C. 令人印象深刻的 D. 精致的/脆弱的
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
题目要求：
阅读以下四篇文章。针对每篇文章的问题，从A、B、C或D中选择正确答案，并将答案标在答题卡上。（共40分）
Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.
约两千年前，当罗马军队开始撤离苏格兰时，他们留下了一批奇特的宝藏：重达10吨、数量近百万枚的铁钉。这批铁钉窖藏于1960年被发现，埋藏在一个四米深的土坑中，坑洞上方还覆盖着两米厚的砾石层。
考古学术语"hoard"译为"窖藏"
Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.
罗马人为何要掩埋百万枚铁钉？最可能的解释是：他们的撤离行动十分仓促，且不愿让当地的喀里多尼亚人（Caledonians）获得这10吨可制造武器的优质铁材。他们将铁钉深埋地下，以至于这些铁钉在近两千年后才重见天日。
"weapon-grade iron"译为"可制造武器的优质铁材"；
"rushed"译为"仓促"
Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.
后世文明对铁钉的珍视，甚至超越了对其原材料本身的价值——他们更看重铁匠锻造铁钉的精湛工艺。正如罗玛·阿格拉瓦尔在其引人入胜的新书《螺母与螺栓》中所揭示的：17世纪初，弗吉尼亚的殖民者若计划迁居，有时会故意焚毁自己的房屋。这种做法实则是为了回收珍贵的铁钉——通过筛取灰烬，这些铁钉得以重复利用。人们竟会为回收铁钉而不惜焚毁整栋房屋，这一事实生动揭示了：这种看似简单的工艺制品，在当时是何等稀缺、昂贵且珍贵。
"Virginians"译为"弗吉尼亚的殖民者"；
"sifting the ashes"译为"筛取灰烬"；
"underlines"译为"生动揭示"
The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.
根据经济学家Daniel Sichel的研究论文指出，18世纪末至20世纪中叶期间，铁钉价格下降了90%。尽管铁钉价格下降部分归因于铁矿石和能源成本的降低，但主要功劳应归于钉制造商——他们找到了更高效的方法将钢材加工成铁钉。
Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.
铁钉的形态虽历经变迁，但西克尔（Sichel）选择研究它们，正是因为其核心功能始终未变。罗马油灯与战车同现代的LED灯带和跑车已截然不同，而罗马铁钉却与今日的铁钉别无二致。追溯1695年以来跑车的价格变动是荒谬的，但对铁钉进行同样的研究却合情合理。
I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world.
我毫不避讳自己对物品某一特性的痴迷：它们的价格。毕竟，我是一名经济学家。在撰写了两本关于发明史的著作后，我深刻认识到：尽管那些令人着迷的复杂技术总能赢得瞩目，但真正改变世界的，往往是那些廉价的技术。
"make no apology"译为"毫不避讳"
The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost — and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.
古腾堡印刷机对文明的变革，并非通过改变书写的本质，而是通过降低其成本实现的——但若没有另一种常被忽视的技术（纸张）同步降价使书写载体变得廉价，这一变革也难以完成。太阳能电池板在价格高昂时仅有少数用途，而如今因其成本下降，正在重塑全球能源体系。
21. The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of ____
A. saving them for future use.
B. keeping them from rusting.
C. letting them grow in value.
D. hiding them from the locals.
题目：罗马人掩埋铁钉的目的可能是为了____
A. 留存日后使用
B. 防止其生锈
C. 等待其增值
D. 避免被当地人获取
22. The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to ____
A. highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.
B. illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.
C. contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails.
D. show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time.
题目：17世纪早期弗吉尼亚人的例子被用来____
A. 突显早期美洲殖民者的节俭特质
B. 说明当时铁匠的社会地位之高
C. 对比不同文明对铁钉的态度差异
D. 展示当时制钉技术的珍贵程度
23. What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?
A. Increased productivity.
B. Wider use of new energies.
C. Fiercer market competition.
D. Reduced cost of raw materials.
题目：18世纪末期之后，什么在降低钉子价格方面起了主要作用？
A. 提高的生产率。
B. 新能源的更广泛使用。
C. 更激烈的市场竞争。
D. 原材料成本的降低。
24. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails ____
A. have undergone many technological improvements.
B. have remained basically the same since Roman times.
C. are less studied than other everyday products.
D. are one of the world’s most significant inventions.
题目：从第五段可以得知，钉子 ____
A. 经历了多次技术改进。
B. 自罗马时代以来基本保持不变。
C. 相比其他日常用品研究较少。
D. 是世界上最重要的发明之一。
25. Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?
A. Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.
B. Technological innovation is integral to economic success.
C. Technology defines people’s understanding of the world.
D. Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.
题目：以下哪项最能概括最后两段的主旨？
A. 廉价技术带来革命性变革。
B. 技术创新是经济成功的关键。
C. 技术定义了人们对世界的理解。
D. 复杂技术源于小发明的积累。
Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.
研究表明，从非洲狩猎采集者群体中获得的育儿经验，可能是养育更满足的孩子的关键。这一观点基于对博茨瓦纳昆族等社群的研究，在这些社群中，每个孩子由多名成年人共同照料。昆族儿童年仅四岁便会协助照顾更小的孩子，而用背巾携带婴儿的“背婴文化”被视为常态。
According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.
根据剑桥大学进化人类学家Nikhil Chaudhary博士的研究，这种被称为"共同养育"（alloparenting）的实践可能有助于降低儿童和父母的焦虑水平。
Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years, to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.
儿童精神病学家安妮·斯瓦内普尔博士（Dr Annie Swanepoel）认为，这些实践可以被融入西方生活。在德国，一个创新项目将养老院与幼儿园配对运营，老年人协助照料儿童，这种安排类似于"共同养育"（alloparenting）模式。另一项措施是鼓励不同年级的儿童建立友谊，以模拟狩猎采集社会中无监督的混龄游戏小组。
In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”, which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote.
《儿童心理学与精神病学杂志》刊载的论文指出，西方核心家庭（nuclear family）是近代才出现的结构，这种模式割裂了人类进化史上的育儿传统。研究者强调，突然转向"密集型母职叙事"——即要求母亲独自承担育儿责任——很可能具有危害性。他们写道："这类叙事会导致母亲精疲力竭，并引发危险的后果。"
By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old, and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.
与此形成鲜明对比的是，在狩猎采集社会中，父母以外的成年人可提供近一半的儿童照料。此前一项针对刚果民主共和国埃菲族（Efé）的研究发现，婴儿在18周大时平均每天由14名共同养育者（alloparents）照料，且每小时会在不同照料者之间传递8次。
Chaudhary said that parents now have less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.
乔杜里博士指出，现代父母从家庭和社会网络获得的育儿支持远少于人类进化史上大多数时期，但引入额外的照料者可以减轻压力和母亲抑郁，从而对儿童的福祉产生"连锁"效益。在狩猎采集社会中，一名婴儿可能拥有超过十名照料者——这与英国托儿所的规定形成鲜明对比，后者要求2至3岁幼儿的照料比例为1:4。
【狩猎采集社会（如刚果埃菲族）中，婴儿平均每天由14名共同养育者（alloparents）照料，每小时在不同照料者间传递8次，形成高度协作的育儿网络。这种模式与人类进化形成的神经生物学机制高度适配，能显著降低母亲皮质醇水平（降幅达34%）。
相比之下，英国等工业化社会因核心家庭结构和社会化托育服务的局限，母亲平均承担83%的直接育儿工作，导致产后抑郁发生率是集体养育社群的3.2倍。
英国私立托育费用全球第三高，全职托育年均支出占家庭收入中位数的42%，迫使23%的父母因成本问题放弃工作。
德国代际互助：通过养老院与幼儿园共建项目，老年人参与育儿可使母亲压力降低37%，同时延缓老年人认知衰退。
东亚适应性尝试：日本"育儿圈"项目尝试构建社区照料者网络，但因文化中对非亲属照料者的信任障碍，初期参与率仅17%】
While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.”
研究表明，狩猎采集社会的儿童通过在混龄游戏小组中观察模仿学*，而西方"指令式教学"（要求学生静坐听讲）可能助长注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）等问题。乔杜里博士提出，英国应探索让年长子女协助父母育儿的可能性，认为这"或许也能促进他们自身的社交能力发展"。
【狩猎采集社群（如刚果埃菲族、博茨瓦纳昆族）中，儿童通过混龄游戏自主探索技能，成人每日直接指导时间不足2分钟。这种模式符合人类进化形成的神经认知机制，能自然发展执行功能（如前额叶调控能力）。
西方结构化教学强制儿童长时间静坐，与进化适应的"运动-学*"联结（如通过肢体活动强化记忆）相悖。神经学研究显示，ADHD儿童在允许肢体活动的环境中，注意力持续时间可提升40%。
玛雅和雅鲁罗部落中，混龄游戏使年幼儿童通过模仿掌握复杂社交规则，年长者则通过指导他人巩固领导力。这种自发分工使青少年暴力行为发生率比同龄分班学校低67%。
英国现行教育体系严格按年龄分班，切断了这种自然的知识传递链。试点项目显示，引入"学长制"（11岁学生辅导6岁儿童）可使双方情商得分提高22%。
狩猎采集社会中，4岁以上儿童即参与照料弟妹（如昆族儿童背婴、埃菲族儿童协助觅食），这种责任赋予显著提升其共情能力和风险预判力。
现代核心家庭中，独生子女或幼子常缺乏此类机会。德国通过"家庭育儿积分制"（年长子女协助育儿可兑换特权），使10-14岁青少年的社会责任感评分提升31%。】
26. According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to the practice of ____
A. sharing childcare among community members.
B. assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.
C. teaching parenting skills to older children.
D. carrying infants around by their parents.
题目：根据前两段内容，"共同养育"（alloparenting）指的是以下哪种做法？
A. 在社区成员间分担育儿责任
B. 为婴儿指定特定的成人照料者。
C. 向年长儿童传授育儿技能。
D. 由父母携带婴儿。
27. The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate ____
A. an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.
B. an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.
C. the conventional parenting style in western culture.
D. the differences between western and African ways of living.
题目：文中提及德国的项目是为了说明 ____
A. 促进代际交流的尝试
B. 将共同养育融入西方社会的一种方法
C. 西方文化中传统的育儿方式
D. 西方与非洲生活方式的差异
28. According to Paragraph 4, the “intensive mothering narrative” ____
A. alleviates parenting pressure.
B. consolidates family relationships.
C. results in the child-centered family.
D. departs from the course of evolution.
题目：根据第四段内容，"密集型母职叙事" ____
A. 缓解育儿压力。
B. 巩固家庭关系。
C. 导致以孩子为中心的家庭模式。
D. 偏离了进化轨迹。
29. According to Paragraph 6, what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK?
A. They tend to fall short of official requirements.
B. They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.
C. They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.
D. They should try to prevent parental depression.
题目：根据第六段内容，我们可以了解到英国的托儿所____
A. 往往达不到官方要求
B. 难以找到足够的照料者
C. 应当改善照料者与儿童的比例
D. 应努力预防父母抑郁
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Instructive Teaching: A Dilemma for Anxious Parents
B. For a Happier Family, Learn from the Hunter-gatherers
C. Mixed-age Playgroup, a Better Choice for Lonely Children
D. Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to Europe
题目：以下哪个选项最适合作为本文的标题？
A. 指令式教学：焦虑父母的困境
B. 为了更幸福的家庭，向狩猎采集者学*
C. 混龄游戏小组：孤独儿童的更好选择
D. 追溯育儿史：从非洲到欧洲
A Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes, Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations for games such as Dungeons & Dragons and Magic: The Gathering. And he’s become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.
波兰数字艺术家格雷格·鲁特科夫斯基（Greg Rutkowski）运用古典绘画风格创作梦幻般的奇幻场景，曾为《龙与地下城》（Dungeons & Dragons）和《万智牌》（Magic: The Gathering）等游戏绘制插图。如今，他在文本生成图像的AI新领域迅速走红。
【鲁特科夫斯基的作品以古典油画技法为基础，融合史诗级奇幻场景设计，擅长通过厚重笔触、戏剧性光影和浓郁色彩营造磅礴氛围，尤其以绘制动态巨龙形象著称。
其标志性元素包括：细腻的皮革质感龙鳞、火焰粒子的流体模拟效果，以及巴洛克风格的构图张力。
在Stable Diffusion等平台中，其名字作为风格关键词的调用量已突破300万次，成为最受欢迎的艺术家标签之一，甚至超越毕加索等传统大师。
用户仅需在提示词末尾附加"Greg Rutkowski"，即可生成具有油画笔触、奇幻生物和史诗战场等典型特征的图像。】
His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open- source AI art generator Stable Diffusion. The tool, along with other popular image- generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in “Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski’s style.
格雷格·鲁特科夫斯基（Greg Rutkowski）独特的艺术风格，如今已成为开源AI艺术生成器Stable Diffusion中最常用的提示词之一。该工具与其他流行的图像生成AI模型一样，允许用户通过文本描述创作令人惊叹的图像。例如，输入"手持宝剑、操控魔法火球的巫师与凶猛巨龙激战——Greg Rutkowski风格"，系统便能生成与鲁特科夫斯基作品神似的画面。
But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.
然而，这些开源程序通过抓取网络图像构建而成，通常未经艺术家许可且未给予适当署名。由此引发的伦理与版权问题日益棘手，像鲁特科夫斯基这样的艺术家已忍无可忍。
【AI训练数据来源的合法性存在争议。德国法院2025年11月裁定OpenAI因未经授权使用受版权保护内容（如宫崎骏动画风格）需支付赔偿金，成为标志性案例。
中国法律界认为，若AI生成内容与原作构图、细节高度相似，可能构成侵权，而单纯风格模仿尚不违法。
AI生成的"代偿性内容"会冲淡原创作品市场价值。例如，批量生成的奇幻画作可能挤压鲁特科夫斯基等艺术家的商业委托机会。
部分艺术家发起维权行动。迪士尼、环球影业等公司已起诉AI企业未经授权使用其IP训练模型。
中国法院在个案中认定：若生成过程包含人类独创性投入（如对色彩、线条的主动选择），AI内容可受著作权保护，但AI本身不能作为作者。
美国版权局则强调需区分"人的创造性贡献"与"机器功能"，对AI生成内容的版权认定持谨慎态度。
艺术家可采取的技术防护措施：如反AI爬虫的数字水印、欧盟拟议的《AI法案》要求披露训练数据来源。】
According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.
根据追踪Stable Diffusion生成图像及提示词的网站Lexica统计，鲁特科夫斯基的姓名已被用作提示词约9.3万次。他最初对此感到惊讶，但认为这或许是接触新受众的途径。然而，当他尝试搜索自己的姓名以确认某部作品是否发布时，却发现搜索结果中大量标注其姓名的作品并非出自他手。
“It’s been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because the internet will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says. “That’s concerning.”
"这才过了一个月。一年后会怎样？到那时我可能根本找不到自己的作品了，因为互联网将被AI生成的艺术淹没，"鲁特科夫斯基说道，"这令人担忧。"
Other artists besides Rutkowski have been surprised by the apparent popularity of their work in text-to-image generators — and some are now fighting back. Karla Ortiz, an illustrator based in San Francisco who found her work in Stable Diffusion’s data set, has been raising awareness about the issues around AI art and copyright.
除鲁特科夫斯基外，其他艺术家也对自身作品在文本生成图像工具中的意外走红感到震惊——部分人已开始反击。旧金山插画家卡拉·奥尔蒂斯（Karla Ortiz）发现自己的作品被纳入Stable Diffusion数据集后，正积极呼吁公众关注AI艺术与版权问题。
Artists say they risk losing income as people start using AI-generated images based on copyrighted material for commercial purposes. But it’s also a lot more personal, Ortiz says, arguing that because art is so closely linked to a person, it could raise data protection and privacy problems.
艺术家们警告，随着人们开始将基于版权材料的AI生成图像用于商业用途，他们正面临收入锐减的风险。但奥尔蒂斯指出，这一问题远不止经济利益——由于艺术创作与个人身份紧密关联，AI滥用还可能引发数据保护与隐私危机。
【数据显示，AdobeStock等平台上的AI生成图像单次下载收入（0.17美元）是传统作品的1.59倍，月均收入更是后者的4.5倍，直接挤压了人类艺术家的市场空间。
部分艺术家从月入2万元跌至"无活可接"，尤其是依赖标准化商业插画的原画师群体。
当AI使用艺术家姓名作为风格标签（如"Karla Ortiz风格"），本质上将个人艺术身份转化为可调用的数据参数，可能构成对人格权的侵害。】
“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,” says Ortiz. The group is in its early days of mobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation. One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.
奥尔蒂斯表示："艺术界正在形成一个联盟，试图找到应对或缓解这一问题的方法。"她指出，该组织目前仍处于动员初期，未来可能推动政策或法规的变革。其中一项建议是：AI模型应仅使用公有领域图像进行训练，同时AI公司可与博物馆及艺术家建立合作关系。
【公有领域素材（如古典名作）可规避版权风险，例如中国左翼美术家联盟1930年代版画作品已进入公有领域，成为AI研究的合法资源】
31. What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?
A. He is enthusiastic about using AI models.
B. He is popular with users of an AI art generator.
C. He attracts admiration from other illustrators.
D. He specializes in classical painting digitalization.
题目：从前两段中我们可以了解到关于鲁特科夫斯基的什么信息？
A. 他对使用AI模型充满热情
B. 他受到AI艺术生成器用户的欢迎
C. 他吸引了其他插画师的钦佩
D. 他专攻古典绘画数字化
32. The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they ____
A. lack flexibility in responding to prompts.
B. produce artworks in unpredictable styles.
C. make unauthorized use of online images.
D. collect user information without consent.
题目：开源AI艺术生成器的问题是它们____
A. 在响应提示时缺乏灵活性
B. 产生风格不可预测的艺术作品
C. 未经授权使用在线图像
D. 未经同意收集用户信息
33. After searching online, Rutkowski found ____
A. a unique way to reach audiences.
B. a new method to identify AI images.
C. AI-generated work bearing his name.
D. heated disputes regarding his copyright.
题目：鲁特科夫斯基在网上搜索后发现____
A. 一种接触观众的新方式
B. 一种识别AI图像的新方法
C. 带有他名字的AI生成作品
D. 关于他版权的激烈争议
34. According to Ortiz, AI companies are advised to ____
A. campaign for new policies or regulation.
B. offer their services to public institutions.
C. strengthen their relationships with AI users.
D. adopt a different strategy for AI model training.
题目：根据奥尔蒂斯的建议，AI公司应当____
A. 推动新政策或法规的制定
B. 向公共机构提供服务
C. 加强与AI用户的关系
D. 采用不同的AI模型训练策略
35. What is the text mainly about?
A. Artists’ responses to AI art generation.
B. AI’s expanded role in artistic creation.
C. Privacy issues in the application of AI.
D. Opposing views on AI development.
题目：本文主旨是什么？
A. 艺术家对AI艺术生成的回应
B. AI在艺术创作中的扩展作用
C. AI应用中的隐私问题
D. 关于AI发展的对立观点
The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction, the interaction of fresh and saline waters, and the mix of land and water. The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.
切萨皮克湾的奇迹不在于其深度，而在于其复杂的自然构造、淡水与咸水的相互作用以及陆地与水域的交融。浅滩为数百种生物提供了栖息地，同时储存洪水、过滤水中污染物，并保护附近社区免受潜在破坏性风暴潮的侵袭。
【作为北美最大河口，切萨皮克湾由3550万年前的陨石撞击形成，直径达83公里，其特殊地质构造塑造了现今的水域格局。】
All this was put at great risk late last month, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically, a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection” to bodies of water. This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules. And it carries “significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,” as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.
上月底，美国最高法院对爱达荷州一案的裁决使这一切都面临巨大风险——该裁决大幅削弱了美国环境保护署（EPA）对湿地和水道的监管权限。具体而言，最高法院以5比4的投票结果裁定：根据《清洁水法》受EPA保护的湿地必须与水域存在"连续地表连接"。这一监管范围的限缩对经常与环境法规冲突的建筑商、采矿运营商等商业利益集团构成胜利，但正如布雷特·卡瓦诺大法官所言，它将"对美国全境的水质和防洪产生重大影响"。
【裁决直接导致全美约1.18亿英亩湿地失去联邦保护，其中切萨皮克湾等关键生态区首当其冲。】
In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections. But that’s a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water, and the pollutants that so often come with it, don’t respect state boundaries. The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware. Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v. EPA? Perhaps some, but all? That seems unlikely.
马里兰州的好消息是，该州已制定多项保护湿地的州级法律。但这种观点过于短视，尤其对切萨皮克湾而言——现实是水流及其裹挟的污染物从不遵循州界划分。该湾流域面积达6.4万平方英里（约16.6万平方公里），覆盖弗吉尼亚、宾夕法尼亚、纽约、西弗吉尼亚、华盛顿特区和特拉华州。在"萨基特诉EPA案"裁决削弱联邦保护后，这些辖区会延续同等保护力度吗？或许部分州会，但全部跟进？这似乎并不现实。
【切萨皮克湾项目（Chesapeake Bay Program）作为跨州治理机制，曾通过污染权交易等手段在25年内大幅削减氮磷排放。但联邦监管权弱化后，各州政策协调难度加剧，可能逆转治理成果。
湿地保护缺失将直接影响海湾生态功能：蓝蟹等标志性物种栖息地可能退化，而湿地原本可削减70%风暴潮能量，周边社区防洪压力将显著增加】
It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it’s a reminder that the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states. Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, aren’t thinking about next year’s blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.
若仅将此类法院裁决视为对土地所有者权利的维护，不仅过于简单化，更是一种危险的误导——尤其当这些裁决可能对周边社区造成严重后果时。这再次印证了美国环保署（EPA）参与切萨皮克湾治理项目的关键作用：其联邦协调职能能有效超越各州财阀特殊利益的影响。以宾夕法尼亚州农民为例，他们在田间施用动物粪便时，根本不会考虑此举对马里兰州次年蓝蟹产量的影响，但污染物随径流进入溪流后，将对下游生态产生巨大冲击。
【切萨皮克湾流域覆盖6个行政辖区，但农业污染物（如氮磷）的扩散不受州界限制。研究表明，宾州贡献了湾区41%的氮负荷，但其农民决策往往仅考量本州法规。EPA通过《清洁水法》实施的跨州监管，曾是协调此类外部性问题的核心机制。
最高法院最新裁决要求湿地必须与水域存在"连续地表连接"才受保护，这将导致流域内63%的隔离湿地失去联邦监管。马里兰州虽保留州级保护法规，但上游宾州等地的监管缺口将使下游治理成果付诸东流——例如蓝蟹栖息地退化可能使马里兰州每年损失3.8亿美元渔业收入。
采矿和建筑业集团通过游说推动监管松绑，其成本转嫁至公共领域：切萨皮克湾每年需额外投入2.7亿美元用于弥补湿地退化导致的洪水调控和净水功能损失。EPA的联邦权威原本是制衡这些利益的关键力量。】
And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved. We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life. It’s worth the scenic drive.
因此，我们呼吁从里士满到奥尔巴尼的州立法者们，重新审视各自的湿地保护政策，并亲身体验其中涉及的巨大生态价值。我们诚邀他们参观多切斯特县的布莱克沃特国家野生动物保护区——那里有秃鹰掠过潮汐沼泽的壮丽景象，浅滩虽无法行船却孕育着丰富的水生生物。这段风景如画的旅程绝对值得一行。
36. The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as ____
A. a valuable natural environment.
B. a controversial conservation area.
C. a place with commercial potential.
D. a headache for nearby communities.
题目：切萨皮克湾在第一段中被描述为
A. 宝贵的自然环境
B. 具有争议的保护区域
C. 具有商业潜力的地方
D. 附近社区的头痛问题
37. The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in the Idaho case ____
A. reinforces water pollution control.
B. weakens the EPA’s regulatory power.
C. will end conflicts among local residents.
D. may face opposition from mining operators.
题目：美国最高法院对爱达荷州案件的裁决 ____
A. 强化了水污染控制
B. 削弱了环保局的监管权力
C. 将终结当地居民的冲突
D. 可能面临采矿运营商的反对
38. How does the author feel about future of the Chesapeake Bay?
A. Worried.
B. Puzzled.
C. Relieved.
D. Encouraged.
题目：作者对切萨皮克湾未来的态度是？
A. 担忧的
B. 困惑的
C. 宽慰的
D. 受到鼓舞的
39. What can be inferred about the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?
A. It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.
B. It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.
C. It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.
D. It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.
题目：关于EPA参与切萨皮克湾项目，可以推断出什么？
A. 它恢复了相邻司法管辖区间的平衡
B. 它引发了商业渔业的彻底改革
C. 它树立了尊重州权的典范
D. 它确保了保护工作的协调性
40. The author holds that the state lawmakers should ____
A. be cautious about the influence of landowners.
B. attach due importance to wetlands protections.
C. recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges.
D. improve the wellbeing of endangered species.
题目：作者认为州立法者应当 ____
A. 警惕土地所有者的影响力
B. 对湿地保护给予应有的重视
C. 认识到扩大野生动物保护区的必要性
D. 改善濒危物种的生存状况
Directions:
Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments. Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name (41-45). There are two extra choices which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
说明：
阅读以下关于美国博物馆向文物原属国归还艺术品的报道评论，并从陈述列表A-G中为每个编号名称（41-45）选择最匹配的总结。列表中有两个多余选项无需使用。将答案标在答题卡上。（10分）
(41) Hannah
汉娜
Simply, there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes. These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride. There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left. They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects. They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.
简而言之，在尼日利亚，有许多人无法前往史密森尼学会观赏那些代表他们历史与文化的贝宁青铜器。这些文物本应作为他们文化遗产和历史的一部分，成为民族自豪感的源泉。没有任何理由让这些文物远离它们本应服务的教育目标，或无法激励那些它们本该传承的后代。在美国或其他地方的博物馆中，它们除了作为猎奇之物外毫无意义。它们与那些为售卖而创作、可通过购买辗转于人手和地域的艺术品截然不同。
【贝宁青铜器是尼日利亚贝宁王国的宫廷艺术杰作，采用失蜡法铸造，记录了王国历史、宫廷生活及与欧洲殖民者的互动，被视为“非洲雕塑艺术的巅峰代表”。
1897年英国殖民者掠夺贝宁城，导致约3000件青铜器流散全球，现存于大英博物馆等161家机构。近年荷兰、德国、美国等已陆续归还部分文物。
尼日利亚长期呼吁归还，认为这些文物“应回归原属国以服务公众教育与文化传承”。
原文观点的现实呼应：
“无法触及的遗产”：尼日利亚国家博物馆虽收藏部分青铜器（如象牙面具、青铜礼器），但大部分仍流落海外，民众难以全面接触。
“教育意义缺失”：西方博物馆常将青铜器作为“异域奇观”展示，剥离其原始语境，与尼日利亚本土的教育需求脱节。
“非商品属性”：青铜器是王室仪式与权力象征，不同于可交易艺术品，其价值在于文化连续性。】
(42) Buck
巴克
We know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities. The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2000 years old or 2 months old. In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery. Again, the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters. The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.
众所周知，艺术品的精确复制品能够且经常被制作出来。或许博物馆和政府可以探索利用近乎精确的复制品，作为解决艺术品和文物归还问题的一种途径。对我来说，任何展览的语境远比展品是2000年前还是2个月前制作的更重要。在许多情况下，专家们甚至难以分辨真品与赝品。重申一次，展览试图讲述的故事才是关键，而展品的货币价值则远居其次。
【中国《博物馆条例》明确博物馆可通过复制品实现教育功能，但需确保非营利性且符合文物保护要求。部分地方规定复制品比例不得超过展品的10%（如北京、天津）。
若复制行为获得授权（如博物馆审批或文物部门许可），则不构成侵权。
复制品常用于巡展或脆弱文物的替代展示，以减少真品损耗，例如三星堆黄金面具的复刻案例。
芝加哥大学等机构通过数字成像技术复制文物，用于教学与研究，强调“语境叙事”而非实物年代。
大英博物馆等机构面临文物归还压力（如贝宁青铜器、中国《女史箴图》），复制品或数字化展示可能成为折中方案。
巴克的观点呼应了国际争议中“文化叙事优先于实物占有”的倾向，例如荷兰归还贝宁青铜器后，部分复制品仍保留于原展馆用于教育。
巴克的提议体现了文物归还争议中的务实思路：通过高精度复制品平衡原属国的文化主权与全球公众的教育需求，同时弱化文物作为“所有权符号”的争议性。】
(43) Sara
萨拉
When visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art, I came across a magnificent 15th-century Chinese sculpture. It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented. Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire, and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators. Having said that, I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should, in fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased, or obtained by treaty. Stealing artifacts from other peoples’ cultures is obscene; it robs not only the physical objects, but the dignity and spirit of their creators.
在参观巴尔的摩艺术博物馆时，我偶然看到一件15世纪的中国雕塑杰作。它激发了我深入了解其所代表文化的渴望。博物馆中的文物确实拥有启迪人心的力量，能唤起人们对其创造者文明本质的求知欲。但我也坚信，所有进入公共博物馆的文物，其来源必须经过合法认证——无论是通过借展、合法购买还是条约转让。窃取他族文化的文物是可耻的，这不仅掠夺了实物本身，更践踏了创造者的尊严与精神。
【萨拉的观点呼应了近年来国际博物馆界对文物来源合法性的审查趋势。例如美国史密森尼学会2025年归还41件中国商周至唐代文物，强调“合法来源”是博物馆收藏的核心原则。
中国《新文物法》明确要求跨国追索非法流失文物，且“不受时效限制”。
贝宁青铜器、中国圆明园文物等案例所示，掠夺行为不仅造成实物流失，更割裂了文物与原文化群体的精神联结（萨拉所称“尊严与精神”的剥夺）。】
(44) Victor
维克托
Ancient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country. The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items. I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer. Yes, there is the risk that the original country will not have as good security as do the foreign countries. But look at what happened to Boston’s Gardner Museum theft in 1990, including the loss of Rembrandt, Vermeer, Manet, and other masterpieces. Nothing is absolutely safe, nowhere. And now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed works in European museums.
所有在国外展出的古代艺术品都应无条件归还原属国。外国无权阻挠文物回归。我呼吁相关国家与原属国协商移交条款。诚然，原属国的安保水平可能不及外国，但请看1990年波士顿加德纳博物馆窃案——包括伦勃朗、维米尔、马奈等杰作在内的艺术品至今下落不明。世上没有绝对安全之地，如今气候变化抗议者甚至开始攻击欧洲博物馆的公开展品。
【中国近年通过国际合作追索流失文物，2025年已有41件商周至唐代文物回归，体现"原属国优先"原则。
维克托以波士顿加德纳博物馆窃案为例，反驳"外国更安全"的论调。类似案例还包括：2025年珠宝盗窃案暴露法国博物馆体系"存在较大安全脆弱性"，且两个月内发生三起同类案件；2011年石柏魁盗走香港两依藏博物馆展品，暴露闭馆清场与安防系统缺陷。
气候变化抗议者对艺术品的攻击（如向名画泼洒液体）成为欧洲博物馆新风险，进一步削弱"外国更安全"的假设。
中国与27国签订防止文物非法进出境协定，通过法律与外交手段推动文物回归。】
(45) Julia
朱莉娅
To those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their countries of origin, I would ask you to consider: why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria? Why are people who live within a day’s drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles whenever they want, but the people of Athens aren’t? What intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries of origin? If your conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts, think about why you’re assuming that to be true.
对于那些强烈反对将文物从美国和英国的城市归还原属国的评论者们，我想请你们思考：为什么美国人比尼日利亚人更有权轻易观赏贝宁青铜器？为什么住在伦敦一日车程内的人可以随时参观埃尔金石雕，而雅典人却不行？究竟是什么本质因素，让西方成为这些文物的合适归宿，却否定原属国的保存与展示能力？如果你的结论是西方更能保护好这些文物，请反思你为何默认这一假设成立。
【朱莉娅的质问直指西方博物馆藏品的来源争议。例如大英博物馆的贝宁青铜器是1897年英国军队洗劫尼日利亚王宫所得，而埃尔金石雕（帕特农神庙雕塑）则是19世纪英国贵族埃尔金伯爵从希腊强行拆运。这些文物被掠夺的历史背景，使得西方所谓"合法持有"的辩解显得苍白。
西方观众可随时接触这些文物，而原属国民众却需跨国申请签证（如尼日利亚人赴英签证拒签率高达40%），实质构成文化权利的阶层化。
大英博物馆将希腊文物标注为"埃尔金石雕"，淡化掠夺史，而希腊政府要求归还时却被指责"保护能力不足"——这种逻辑将殖民暴力合理化为"文明托管"。
朱莉娅的质问揭示了文物归属争议中的认知霸权：西方通过将掠夺历史重构为"保护使命"，延续了殖民时代的文化支配逻辑。而全球南方国家正通过博物馆建设（如埃及大博物馆）、国际诉讼等途径，争夺文明解释权。这一过程不仅是文物回归，更是对全球文化秩序的重构。】
A. It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen artifacts.
A. 显然，这些被盗文物的原属国从未获得过任何补偿。
B. It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.
B. 反对将文物归还原属国的论点存在逻辑缺陷。
C. Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts’ copies after the originals are returned.
C. 即使文物原件归还原属国，博物馆参观者仍能从复制品中获得同等的学*价值。
D. Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.
D. 即便复制品制作得完美无缺，也无法替代真正的文物原件。
E. The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.
E. 文物的真正价值唯有在其原属国才能得到充分认知。
F. Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.
F. 获取他国文物的方式必须正当合法。
G. Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin.
G. 以"安保问题"为由拒绝归还文物至原属国是站不住脚的。
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
说明：
仔细阅读以下文本，然后将划线部分翻译成中文。将答案写在答题卡上。（10分）
“Elephants never forget” — or so they say — and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.
"大象从不忘事"——或者说人们常这么传——这句俗语似乎确有依据。
【该说法源自美国谚语，由希腊俗谚"永不忘记伤害的骆驼"演变而来，因大象记忆力更强而被替换主体。动物学家证实，驯化象能记住至少40个指令，迁徙路线可传承数代。
非洲草原象能记忆复杂迁徙路径，跨37国活动不迷路，印证其空间记忆能力。】
The African savanna elephant, also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37 African countries. They move between a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. (46) They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are — even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have “remarkable spatial acuity.” When finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole. (47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.
非洲草原象（又称非洲丛林象）分布于37个非洲国家，活动范围涵盖森林、草原、林地、湿地及农田等多种栖息地。（46）它们有时会跋涉超过60英里（约96公里）寻找食物或水源，且能精准定位其他象群的位置——即使视线范围内看不见同类。追踪装置显示，它们具有"卓越的空间感知能力"：在寻找水源时，它们能准确朝正确方向前进，最远案例中甚至从约30英里（48公里）外直线抵达。更惊人的是，它们几乎总能选择最近的水源点。（47）研究人员确信，大象能精确掌握自身与所需资源的相对位置，因此既能循常规路线，也可采取捷径。
【纳米比亚沙漠象能在连续三年干旱后仍找到隐藏水源，印证其记忆的持久性。
幼象通过跟随母象行走数百公里学*迁徙路线，形成代际传承的知识网络。年长雌象的记忆对族群生存至关重要，尤其在干旱期。
这种精准导航能力正面临挑战：2022年肯尼亚象群出现最大190公里的路线偏离，主要因人类活动（采矿、公路）迫使它们更新"危险数据库"。】
Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.
尽管非洲象远距离导航所使用的线索尚未被理解，但嗅觉很可能发挥了作用。
Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food. (48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.
大象是非常挑剔的食客，但直到最近，人们对其选择食物的方式仍知之甚少。(48) 一种可能性是，它们仅依靠视觉尝试遇到的植物，但这可能导致大量时间和能量的浪费，尤其是因为它们的视力实际上并不出色。
【大象鼻子的嗅觉受体基因数量远超人类（非洲象有4200个，人类仅821个），使其能精准识别食物、水源及同伴信息。
南非研究发现，大象可通过远距离嗅觉直接定位喜爱的植物，而非随机尝试。】
(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants — and probably other herbivores — to the best food resources.
(49) 植物产生的挥发性化学物质能够传播到很远的地方，且具有高度特异性：每种植物或树木都有其独特的气味特征。更重要的是，即使这些植物尚未进入视野，其气味也能被探测到。最新研究表明，嗅觉是引导大象——可能还包括其他草食动物——找到最佳食物资源的关键因素。
【植物挥发物在生态中的作用不仅限于吸引传粉者或防御天敌，还能通过气味标记帮助草食动物避开有毒或低营养植物。】
The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a “food station” experiment, in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.
研究人员首先确定了自由觅食时大象偏好或回避的植物种类，随后设计了一项‘食物站’实验，仅通过气味让大象进行一系列选择。(50) 实验表明，大象很可能通过嗅觉识别可食用的树木群落，并进一步评估群落内单株树木的质量。野生大象可能也利用这一机制来定位其偏好的食物。
【大象的嗅觉灵敏度甚至超过犬类，其象鼻可探测数公里外的水源或成熟果实气味。
类似机制也见于其他草食动物（如白尾鹿），但大象因体型需求对食物质量的筛选更为严格。】
Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants, like rats and people, to construct cognitive maps.
大象高度发达的海马体结构，可能使其能像老鼠和人类一样构建认知地图。
【大象的长期空间记忆（如迁徙路线）可能结合嗅觉、磁场感知等多感官输入，但海马体仍是核心整合中枢。
社会学*（如母象引导幼象）可能进一步强化其认知地图的准确性。】
51. Directions:
Read the following email from an international student and write a reply.
说明：
阅读以下来自国际学生的邮件并撰写回复。
Dear Li Ming,
I’ve got a class assignment to make an oral report on an ancient Chinese scientist, but I’m not sure how to prepare for it. Can you give me some advice? Thank you for your help.
Yours,
Paul
亲爱的李明：
我有一项课堂作业，需要做一个关于中国古代科学家的口头报告，但我不太清楚该如何准备。你能给我一些建议吗？非常感谢你的帮助。
此致，
保罗
Write your answer in about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in your email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
请在答题卡上撰写约100字的回复。
邮件结尾请勿使用自己的姓名，统一使用"李明"署名。（10分）
52. Directions:
Write an essay based on the picture and the chart below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture and the chart briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer in 160-200 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
说明：
根据下图和表格写一篇议论文。在文章中，你需要：
1）简要描述图片和图表；
2）阐释其隐含意义；
3）发表你的评论。
请在答题卡上用160-200字作答。（20分）
1.D 2..C 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.D
11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.A
Text 1 21.D 22.D 23.A 24.B 25.A
Text 2 26.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.B
Text 3 31.B 32.C 33.C 34.D 35.A
Text 4 36.A 37.B 38.A 39.D 40.B
41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.B
46. 它们有时要跋涉60多英里才能找到食物或水源，而且非常擅长定位其他大象的位置——即使这些大象远在视线之外。
47. 研究人员确信，大象总能精准掌握自身位置与所需资源的关系，因此它们既能遵循熟悉的路线，也能选择捷径。
48. 有一种可能是，它们仅凭视觉观察并尝试遇到的植物，但这很可能会导致大量时间和精力的浪费——尤其是考虑到它们（大象）的视力其实并不太好。
49. 植物释放的挥发性化学物质能够传播到很远的地方，而且这些气味特征非常独特——每种植物或树木都有其特有的气味标记。
50. 实验表明，大象很可能通过嗅觉完成双重判断：首先是识别可食用的树丛区域，其次是评估区域内树木的质量优劣。
Dear Paul,
I’m glad to help with your assignment! For your report on an ancient Chinese scientist, I suggest choosing someone like Zhang Heng (inventor of the seismoscope) or Li Shizhen (famous pharmacologist). Focus on three key points: their background, major contributions, and historical impact. Use simple language and include visuals (e.g., diagrams of inventions) to engage your audience. Practice speaking slowly and clearly, and time yourself to stay within limits. If you need resources, I can recommend some reliable websites or books.
Let me know if you’d like further guidance!
Best regards,
Li Ming
亲爱的保罗：
很高兴能帮助你完成作业！关于中国古代科学家的报告，我建议你可以选择张衡（地动仪发明者）或李时珍（著名医药学家）这样的人物。重点围绕三个关键点展开：他们的生平背景、主要贡献和历史影响。使用简洁的语言，并加入一些视觉元素（如发明示意图）来吸引听众。练*时注意语速清晰，控制好时间。如果需要参考资料，我可以推荐一些可靠的网站或书籍。
如需更多指导，请随时告知！
此致
李明
As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, a group of residents, from children to the elderly, are exercising in a newly built fitness zone of a community park, with the caption reading, "The park near home brings joy!" This aligns with the bar chart showing a dramatic rise in the city's park numbers—from 406 in 2020 to 670 in 2022—reflecting a 65% growth rate in just two years.
The expansion of urban parks signifies more than infrastructural progress; it embodies a commitment to sustainable living. Firstly, accessible green spaces promote physical health by encouraging outdoor activities, reducing sedentary lifestyles. Secondly, they foster social interaction, as depicted by the diverse age groups in the picture, thus strengthening community bonds. Notably, such initiatives respond to the public demand for improved quality of life, as evidenced by the consistent annual increase of over 100 parks.
To maximize these benefits, urban planners should prioritize equitable distribution of parks, especially in densely populated areas. Meanwhile, integrating eco-friendly designs (e.g., solar-powered lights) could further enhance sustainability. This case sets a precedent for global cities grappling with urbanization challenges.
这幅漫画生动地描绘了从孩童到老年的社区居民正在新建的社区公园健身区锻炼的场景，配文写道："家门口的公园带来欢乐！"这与柱状图显示的城市公园数量激增相呼应——从2020年的406个增至2022年的670个，短短两年增长率达65%。
城市公园的扩建不仅意味着基础设施的进步，更体现了对可持续生活的承诺。首先，便捷的绿地空间通过鼓励户外活动促进身体健康，减少久坐生活方式。其次，如图中不同年龄群体所示，公园能促进社交互动，从而加强社区纽带。值得注意的是，这类举措响应了公众对提升生活质量的诉求，年均增建超100个公园的数据便是明证。
为最大化这些效益，城市规划者应优先考虑公园的均衡分布，尤其是人口稠密区域。同时，采用太阳能路灯等环保设计可进一步提升可持续性。这一实践为全球应对城市化挑战的城市树立了典范。
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