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定语从句是高考英语语法的“核心阵地”——既是阅读理解中拆解长难句的“关键钥匙”,也是写作中提升表达档次的“加分利器”。因其关系词用法灵活、句子成分交织,常成为考生失分的“重灾区”和命题的“高频区”。本文从核心用法、长难句破解、语法填空技巧及写作应用四个方面,结合真题实例拆解难点,帮你系统突破。

一、核心用法:吃透“先行词”与“关系词”的绑定逻辑
定语从句的本质,是用一个句子修饰名词或代词(即“先行词”),二者通过“关系词”连接。关系词的作用有两个:一是指代先行词,二是在从句中充当主语、宾语、状语等成分。
(一)关系代词:承担主、宾成分的“连接者”
1. that
✅ 可指代人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
⚠️ 两大禁忌:
◦ 不能用于非限制性定语从句(带逗号的补充说明从句);
◦ 若先行词被all、everything、序数词(如first)、最高级(如best)等修饰,必须用that。
例:The first novel that I read in senior high opened my eyes to the world.(先行词“novel”被序数词“first”修饰,that作宾语)
2. which
✅ 仅指代物或整个主句内容,在从句中作主语或宾语,可用于非限制性定语从句(带逗号)。
例1:She picked a scarf, which matched her coat perfectly.(which指代“scarf”,在非限制性从句中作主语)
例2:He kept his promise, which surprised everyone.(which指代“他信守承诺”这件事)
3. who/whom
✅ who指代人,在从句中作主语;whom指代人,在从句中作宾语(口语中可用who替代,也可省略)。
例1:The professor who gives lectures on AI is very popular.(who指代“professor”,作主语)
例2:The girl (whom) we met at the party is from Canada.(whom指代“girl”,作宾语,可省略)
4. whose
✅ 表“……的”,可指代人或物,在从句中作定语(后必须接名词)。
例1:I know a student whose paintings won an international prize.(whose修饰“paintings”,表“学生的画”)
例2:This is a café whose walls are covered with old photos.(whose修饰“walls”,表“咖啡馆的墙”)
(二)关系副词:衔接状语成分的“桥梁”
1. when
✅ 指代时间,相当于“介词+which”,在从句中作时间状语,先行词多为time、day、year等。
例:I’ll never forget the moment when I stood on the award stage.(when=at which,作时间状语)
2. where
✅ 指代地点,相当于“介词+which”,在从句中作地点状语。除了具体地点(如place、city),抽象地点(如situation、case、stage)也可用where。
例1:This is the village where I spent my childhood.(where=in which,作地点状语)
例2:We’ve reached a stage where we need to make a final decision.(where修饰抽象地点“stage”)
3. why
✅ 仅指代原因,先行词只能是reason,相当于“for which”,在从句中作原因状语。
例:The reason why she changed her mind remains a mystery.(why=for which,作原因状语)
二、长难句分析:3步拆解法(附高考真题)
遇到含定语从句的长难句,无需慌神,按“找先行词→析从句成分→定关系词”三步拆解,轻松剥离修饰、抓住主干。
(一)分隔式定语从句(先行词与从句被其他成分隔开)
例(2023全国甲卷):The traditions that our ancestors kept for centuries are still alive in rural areas.
解析:
• 第一步:从句“that our ancestors kept for centuries”看似靠近“rural areas”,但“kept”(保留)的对象是“traditions”,故先行词是“traditions”;
• 第二步:从句中“kept”缺宾语(保留什么?),需关系词作宾语;
• 第三步:先行词是物(traditions),作宾语,用that(或which,此处可省略)。
(二)非限制性定语从句(逗号隔开,补充说明)
例(2022新高考II卷):Our school organized a volunteer activity, which attracted over 200 students.
解析:逗号后的从句补充说明“activity”,“which”指代“activity”,在从句中作主语(注意:非限制性从句不能用that)。
三、语法填空:5大易错点及破解技巧
语法填空的核心是“判断从句缺什么成分”——缺主语/宾语用关系代词,缺状语用关系副词。以下是考生最易踩坑的5类情况:
1. 混淆关系代词与副词
❌ 误:This is the museum where we visited last weekend.(“visited”缺宾语,需用代词)
✅ 正:This is the museum that we visited last weekend.
2. “介词+关系词”的搭配
例:The farm ______ we worked during the summer holiday is very large.
解析:“work”后需加介词“on”(work on the farm),故填“on which”(=where)。
3. whose的隐性考法
例:Do you know the boy ______ sister is in our class?
解析:从句中“sister”前缺定语(谁的姐姐),填“whose”。
4. that与which的特殊区别
⚠️ 若先行词被the only、all、最高级等修饰,只能用that。
例:This is the only song that I can sing.(先行词被“the only”修饰,用that)
5. 主谓一致陷阱
例:He is one of the boys who ______(be)good at playing football.
解析:先行词是“boys”(复数),故be动词用“are”(若“one”前有“the only”,则先行词是“one”,用“is”)。
四、写作应用:3招让句子从“平淡”到“出彩”
定语从句能避免简单句堆砌,让表达更紧凑、逻辑更清晰。写作中可从这3个角度灵活运用:
1. 合并简单句,丰富信息
原句:I have a friend. He volunteers in a community library every weekend.
升级:I have a friend who volunteers in a community library every weekend.(用who连接,突出朋友的行为)
2. 用非限制性从句补充细节
原句:We held a class meeting. It lasted for two hours.
升级:We held a class meeting, which lasted for two hours.(which补充会议时长,句子更连贯)
3. 用“抽象地点词+where”增强逻辑
原句:We are in a key period. We need to balance study and rest.
升级:We are in a key period where we need to balance study and rest.(where让“时期”与“做法”更紧密)
写作避坑指南
• ❌ 忌重复指代:The teacher who she teaches us math is very kind.(去掉“she”,who已作主语)
• ❌ 忌滥用that:He told a joke, that made us laugh.(非限制性从句用which)
五、总结:突破定语从句的核心逻辑
定语从句的难点,本质是“关系词与先行词、从句成分的匹配”。记住:先明确“先行词是人/物/时间/地点”,再判断“从句缺主语/宾语还是状语”,最后匹配对应的关系词。
建议结合近5年高考真题,每天拆解2个长难句、仿写3个含定语从句的句子,从“看懂”到“会用”,逐步形成语感。语法不是死记硬背的规则,而是帮你更精准表达的逻辑工具——掌握它,你会发现英语读写的“任督二脉”被彻底打通!
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