更新时间：作者：小小条
第一项: 定语从句详解（Attributive Clauses）
概念:在主从复合句中,修饰主句中某一名词，代词或整个句子的从句,在句中做定语.被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后(As引导的定语从句也可以放在句首)，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
一: 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who在从句中指人,作主语,不可省）
He is the man (whom)I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom在从句中作宾语,指人,可以省略）
He talked about the things and the people that he remembered in the school.
That既可指人也可指物,作主语不可省,作宾语可省.
2） Whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose cover/the cover of which/of which the cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A beautiful car that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有见过的漂亮车。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）
二: 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
I still remembered the day when/on which he joined the army.
Beijing is the place where （in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词(偏)
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错）
This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
*惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D.
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A.
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代（who,whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） .
三: 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
判断:
Yesterday I received a letter from my wife who worked in shanghai.(下面说明)
2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时(特指)，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。(逗号)
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
四:介词前置:介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。(in that)(I believe him in that (=in the fact that)he is honest.
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
五:as, which 在非限定性定语从句的区别
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that.As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B.which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park……
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which……
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B.
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语.
六: 限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only修饰时
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
七: 关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
八:以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(2) I don’t like the way that he uses to talks with his parents.
九:but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )
十:区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
十一:关系代词的替代性:
关系代词在从句中做主语或宾语,同时替代了前面某个词,因此,句中不能再出现被替代词.
A dictionary is a book .You can use it to learn more words.
A dictionary is a book that you can use it to learn more words.(it 去掉)
十二：定语从句时态不受主句时态限制：
Do you know the man who was here just now?
主句是一般现在时而从句却是一般过去时。
十三：分隔性定语从句
. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
十四:定语从句介词前置时介词的选用:
1:根据前面的名词:
This is the farm on which we worked.
2:根据后面的动词:
There was no one in the street to whom he could turn for help.
3:根据前后两句话的关系:
There are many foreign students in our class ,many of whom are from American.
十五： 高考中定语从句的分隔现象
2007福建试卷有这样一题:
The village has developed a lot______we learned farming two years ago.
A.when B.which C.thatD.where
答案:Dwhere 引导定语从句,其先行词为The village。全句为“两年前我们学农的那个村子变化很大”。这个句子是一种定语从句的分隔现象。那么定语从句是如何分隔的呢?
一般地,定语从句都紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后,但有时在先行词和定语从句之间会出现其它一些词语,使两者隔离开来。定语从句的分隔有下面几种情况:
1.在先行词和定语从句之间插入另一个定语短语
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你还记得十年前的一天下午我在你家借钻石项链的事吗?(when 引导的从句修饰one afternoon,ten years ago也是定语,修饰 one afternoon .)
We often say that there are no places left on the earth where the foot of man has not trodden/put.
我们常说,地球上没有地方是绝无人迹的.(where引导定语从句,其先行词为no places。过去分词短语lefted on the earth 是定语,也修饰no places )
2.在先行词和定语从句之间插入另一个状语短语
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
天空中有成千上万颗像太阳一样的恒星。(that引导的定语从句修饰先行词stars。in the sky 是主句中的地点状语。
There is no student in our class who does not study hard.
我们班上每个同学都在努力学*。(who 引导的从句修饰先行词 no student。 in our class在主句中作地点状语)
3.作主语的先行词后带一个定语从句,而句子的谓语又比较短(比如是被动语态,不及物动词),此时,常将定语从句移到句子后面,以避免头重脚轻,保持句子平衡
All is not gold that glitters.
发光的并不都是金子。(定语从句 that glitters修饰all被后移),
The day will come when the Chinese set foot on the moon.
中国人登上月球的日子就要到来。(定语从句when the Chinese set foot on the moon修饰The day 被后移)
4.在先行词和定语从句之间插入一个插入语
The reason,believe it or not,why he was late was really true.
不论相信与否,他迟到的理由确实是真的。
高考链接
1.-Is that the small town you often refer to?
-Right, just the one ________you know I used to work for years.
A．that B．which C．where D．what
2.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,________,of course,made the others envy him.
A.who B.that C.what D.which
3.A fast food restaurant is the place______, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.
A.which B.where C. there D. what
4.The film brought the hours back to me_________ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A.until B.that C.when D.where
KEYS:1.C2.D 3.B 4.C
十六：定语从句先行词特殊用法考查例析 (2007-12-06 09:43:46)
定语从句是高中英语教学的重点、难点，又是高考考查的热点。仔细研究近年各地高考试题，不难发现命题者往往借助于定语从句先行词的特殊用法，巧妙考查考生在特定语境中对定语从句关系词的选择。现举数例分析如下：
1.(2006山东)We’re just trying to reach a point______both sides will sit down together and talk.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
【解析】答案为A。本题的先行词是point，此处表示抽象地点且在定语从句中作地点状语，因此应填where。如果考生只知道point表示“点、分数”，不熟悉其可以表示抽象地点，极易造成误选。
2.(2005上海)If a shop has chairs_________women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
【解析】本题的先行词并不是我们常见的表示地点的名词（如place, room, house, street, area），而是chairs。命题者正是通过这一点迷惑考生，使考生误选that或which。本题的句意是：“商店如果有椅子，女士们可以让男士们坐在椅子上”，即women can park their men in/on the chairs,所选关系词在定语从句中应该作地点状语，故选D。
3.(2004湖南)I work in a business______almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that
【解析】先行词是表地点的a business（商业机构，公司），从句中的谓语动词is waiting for后有宾语a great chance，所以需要填where或in which，故选C。
4.(2003上海)I can think of many cases_______students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
【解析】本题中的先行词是表示抽象地点的cases（实例，情况），定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where或in which，故选D。
5.(2003北京春季)We are living in an age______many things are done on computer.
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
【解析】本题的先行词是an age，表示“时代、年代”，从句是被动语态，句子结构是完整的，故选D。
6.(2005广东)Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes_________people were eaten by the tiger.
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
【解析】本题的先行词是scenes，表示“场景”的意思。句意为“在那些场景中，人被老虎吃掉”，即in the scenes people were eaten by the tiger，故选A。
7.（2004全国II）There were dirty marks on her trousersshe had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
【解析】答案为A。本题的先行词是trousers，从句缺少状语，不缺主语和宾语，所以用关系副词引导定语从句。句意为“在她擦手的裤子上有污迹”。
8.(2001上海)He has got himself into a dangerous situationhe is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
【解析】答案为A。本题的先行词为situation，意为“境况”，从句中不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where引导定语从句。句意为“他陷入飞机很可能失去控制的危险境地”。
由此可见，考生做这类单选试题时应该注意的是：表面上备选项都有that或which，但实际上都要填where, when或介词 + which，这类先行词相对比较固定，常见的有point, case, age, business, occasion,situation, chair，scene,stage等。
定语从句详解与练*（Attributive Clauses）
概念:在主从复合句中,修饰主句中某一名词，代词或整个句子的从句,在句中做定语.被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后(As引导的定语从句也可以放在句首)，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which,as等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
一: 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗？（who在从句中指人,作主语,不可省）
He is the man (whom)I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom在从句中作宾语,指人,可以省略）
He talked about the things and the people that he remembered in the school.
That既可指人也可指物,作主语不可省,作宾语可省.
2） Whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose cover/the cover of which/of which the cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A beautiful car that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有见过的漂亮车。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）
二: 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
I still remembered the day when/on which he joined the army.
Beijing is the place where （in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词(偏)
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
注意：判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
*惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that
C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D.
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A.
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代（who,whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） .
三: 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
判断:
Yesterday I received a letter from my wife who worked in shanghai.(下面说明)
2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时(特指)，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。(逗号)
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
四:介词前置:介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。(in that)(I believe him in that (=in the fact that)he is honest.
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
五:as, which 在非限定性定语从句的区别
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that.As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）
Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B.which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park……
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which……
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B.
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语.
六: 限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only修饰时
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既指人又指物时：
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
七: 关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
八:以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
九:but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )
十:区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
十一:关系代词的替代性:
关系代词在从句中做主语或宾语,同时替代了前面某个词,因此,句中不能再出现被替代词.
A dictionary is a book .You can use it to learn more words.
A dictionary is a book that you can use it to learn more words.(it去掉)
十二：定语从句时态不受主句世态限制：
Do you know the man who was here just now?
主句是一般现在时而从句却是一般过去时。
十三：分隔性定语从句
. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
十四:定语从句介词前置时介词的选用:
1:根据前面的名词:
This is the farm on which we worked.
2:根据后面的动词:
There was no one in the street to whom he could turn for help.
3:根据前后两句话的关系:
There are many foreign students in our class ,many of whom are from American
1.the place _______interested me most was the children's palace.
a. which b. where c. what d. in which
2.do you know the man _______?
a. whom i spoke b. to who spoke c. i spoke to d. that i spoke
3.this is the hotel _______last month.
a. which they stayed b. at that they stayed
c. where they stayed at d. where they stayed
4.do you know the year ______the chinese communist party was founded?
a. which b. that c. when d. on which
5.that is the day ______i'll never forget.
a. which b. on which c. in which d. when
6.the factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
a. where b. to which c. which d. in which
7.great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
a. where b. that c. which d. there
8.this is one of the best films _______.
a. that have been shown this year b. that have shown
c. that has been shown this year d. that you talked
9.can you lend me the book ______the other day?
a. about which you talked b. which you talked
c. about that you talked d. that you talked
10.the pen ______he is writing is mine.
a. with which b. in which c. on which d. by which
11.they arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
a. whom b. who c. which d. that
12.the engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
a. to whom b. on whom c. with which d. with whom
13.it there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
a. who b. who's c. which d. whose
14.i'm interested in ______you have said.
a. all that b. all what c. that d. which
15.i want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
a. which b. who c. what d. as
16.he isn't such a man ______he used to be.
a. who b. whom c. that d. as
17.he is good at english, ______we all know.
a. that b. as c. whom d. what
18.li ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
a. i went with b. with whom i went c. with who i went d.i went with him
19.i don't like ______ as you read.
a. the novels b. the such novels c. such novels d. same novels
20.he talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
a. which b. that c. whom d. what
21.the letter is from my sister, ______is working in beijing.
a. which b. that c. whom d. who
22.in our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
a. them b.which c. whom d. who
23.you're the only person ______i've ever met ______could do it.
a. who;/ b./; whom c. whom;/ d./; who
24.i lost a book, ______i can't remember now.
a. whose title b. its title c. the title of it d. the title of that
25.last summer we visited the west lake, ______hangzhou is famous in the world.
a. for which b. for that c. in which d. what
26.i have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on tv.
a. that b. which c. as d. it
27.i can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
a. when; which b. which; when c. what; that d. on which; when
28.the way ______he looks at problems is wrong.
a. which b. whose c. what d./
29.this is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.
a. in which b. with which c. that d. for which
30.this machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
a. after which i have looked b. which i have looked after
c. that i have looked after d. i have looked after
31.the reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
a. why; that b.that;why c. for that;that d.for which;what
32.he is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
a.that b.which c.for which d.who
33.that is not the way ______i do it.
a./ b.which c.for which d.with which
34.i have two grammars, ______are of great use.
a. all of which b. either of which c. both of that d. both of which
35.i want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.
a. as was b. which was c. as were d. which
36.my neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.
a. who b. which c. that d. it
37.this is the magazine _______ i copied the paragraph.
a. that b. which c. from that d. from which
38.he is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
a. that b. which c. who d. as
39. you can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.
a. / b. why c. when d. whose
40. smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.
a. that b. which c. it d. though
41. --- did you ask the guard _______ happened?
--- yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
a. what; that b. what; what c. which; which d. that; that
42. i shall never forget those years _______ i lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
a. when; who b. that; which c. which; that d. when; which
43. the number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
a. owns; are b. owns; is c. own; is d. own; are
44. during the days ________, he worked as a servant at the browns.
a. followedb. following c. to follow d. that followed
45. is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
a. that b. / c. which d. it
46. the clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
a. which; what b. through which; what c. through that; what d. what; that
47. is _______ some german friends visited last week?
a. this school b. this the school c. this school one d. this school where
48. john got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.
a. as b. that c. what d. who
49. i have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
a. none of them b. neither of them c. neither of which d. none of which
50. all that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
a. are being b. has been c. had been d. have been
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