更新时间:作者:小小条

做英语题时,是不是总在这些地方卡壳:“这个动词后面该接to do还是doing?”“must和have to到底有啥区别?”“非谓语动词为啥不能作谓语?”
别慌!这些问题的根源,都是没吃透动词的分类和用法。作为初中英语的“核心考点”,动词占了单选、完形、写作近一半的分值。今天,咱们用最通俗的话,把动词的“秘密”一次性说透!
一、动词的整体分类:
谓语动词 vs 非谓语动词
1. 谓语动词
定义:在句子中作谓语,直接体现主语的动作、状态或特征,受主语人称和数的限制(时态、语态、主谓一致)。包含类型:实义动词、系动词、助动词(协助构成谓语)、情态动词(与实义动词原形共同构成谓语)。例句:She sings songs every day.(实义动词作谓语,第三人称单数)He is a student.(系动词作谓语)They have finished their homework.(助动词 have + 实义动词 finished 构成谓语)We can speak English.(情态动词 can + 实义动词 speak 构成谓语)2. 非谓语动词
定义:不能单独作谓语,需依附于谓语动词或其他成分,不受主语人称和数的限制,可作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。包含形式:不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)、分词(现在分词 doing / 过去分词 done)。详细用法:二、谓语动词的细分:
实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词
1. 实义动词(行为动词)
定义:表示具体动作或状态,能独立作谓语(及物 / 不及物)。
(1)及物动词(vt.)
特点:后面必须跟宾语,否则句子不完整。分类:单宾语动词:直接跟宾语(如 love, eat, buy)例句:I love my parents.双宾语动词:跟间接宾语 + 直接宾语(如 give, send, teach)结构:主语 + 及物动词 + sb.+sth. / 主语 + 及物动词 + sth.+to/for sb.例句:She gave me a book. = She gave a book to me.复合宾语动词:跟宾语 + 宾补(如 make, keep, find)结构:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + adj./n./to do/doing/done例句:We keep the room clean.(adj. 作宾补)He makes me laugh.(省略 to 的不定式作宾补)(2)不及物动词(vi.)
特点:后面不跟宾语,若需接宾语需加介词。例句:He laughs loudly.(无宾语)She listens to music every day.(+ 介词 to 接宾语)(3)实义动词的时态变化(初中核心)
一般现在时:主语为三单时,动词加 - s/-es(如 works, watches);其他人称用原形。一般过去时:规则动词加 - ed(如 played, wanted),不规则动词需记忆(如 go→went, eat→ate)。现在进行时:am/is/are + doing(如 is reading, are playing)。一般将来时:will + 原形 /be going to + 原形(如 will go, is going to study)。现在完成时:have/has + done(如 have finished, has seen)。2. 系动词(连系动词)
定义:本身有词义,但不能独立作谓语,需跟表语(adj./n./ 介词短语等)构成 “系表结构”,说明主语的状态、性质或特征。
(1)分类及例句
状态系动词:be(am/is/are/was/were)例句:He is happy.(adj. 作表语)They were students last year.(n. 作表语)感官系动词:look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(摸起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)例句:The flower smells sweet.(adj. 作表语,不可用副词)变化系动词:become(成为)、get(变得)、turn(变成)、grow(渐渐变得)例句:The weather gets cold.(adj. 作表语)持续系动词:keep(保持)、stay(保持)、remain(仍然是)例句:She keeps silent in class.(adj. 作表语)3. 助动词
定义:本身无实际词义,不能独立作谓语,仅协助实义动词 / 系动词构成时态、语态、否定句、疑问句等。
(1)常用助动词:be (am/is/are/was/were)、have (has/had)、do (does/did)、will/shall
(2)具体用法
4. 情态动词
定义:表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气(能力、许可、推测、义务等),不能独立作谓语,需跟实义动词原形(除 have to)。
(1)初中核心情态动词:can/could, may/might, must, need, should, had better
(2)具体用法及区别
(3)情态动词的推测用法对比
肯定推测:must(一定)> may(可能)> might(也许)否定推测:can't(不可能)> may not(可能不)疑问推测:Can...?(可能…… 吗?)三、易混点辨析
1、实义动词 vs 系动词:
实义动词作谓语时,可直接跟状语(如 run fast);系动词后必须跟表语(如 look happy,不可说 look happily)。例:He looks angry.(系动词 + 表语)/ He looks angrily at me.(实义动词 + 状语)2、情态动词 must vs have to:
must:主观上 “必须”,否定 mustn't(禁止);have to:客观上 “不得不”,有人称 / 时态变化(has to, had to),否定 don't have to(不必)。例:I must study hard.(主观)/ I have to study hard because of the exam.(客观)3、非谓语动词 to do vs doing:
有些动词后接 to do 作宾语(如 want, hope, decide),有些接 doing(如 like, enjoy, finish),有些两者皆可(如 start, begin, remember)。例:I want to go home. / I enjoy reading. / I remember to lock the door.(记得去做)/ I remember locking the door.(记得做过)专项练*题
一、填空题
She ______ (sing) very well. She is a good singer.(用所给动词适当形式填空)He wants ______ (go) to the park with his friends this weekend.The weather ______ (get) colder and colder.(用所给动词适当形式填空)We ______ (finish) our homework already. Let's go out to play.______ (swim) is my favorite sport in summer.My mother made me ______ (clean) my room yesterday.The broken bike ______ (repair) by my father last week.You ______ (should) eat too much junk food. It's bad for your health.(用否定形式填空)—______ you ______ (see) the movie before? —Yes, I have.The girl ______ (dance) in the classroom now.He ______ (can) speak English when he was five years old.I remember ______ (meet) her at the school gate yesterday.The flowers ______ (smell) very sweet.They ______ (will) go to Beijing next month. They have planned it for a long time.She asked me ______ (help) her with her English.二、判断对错题(对的写 T,错的写 F)
He is look happy today. ( )I enjoy to read books in the evening. ( )She gave a pen to me. ( )We have finished our homework three days ago. ( )The boy is running is my brother. ( )Can you tell me how to get to the station? ( )You mustn't take photos here. It's a rule. ( )The food tastes deliciously. ( )He doesn't need to go there right now. ( )To learn English well are very important. ( )They are playing football on the playground at the moment. ( )She could to swim when she was six. ( )The window was broken by Tom yesterday. ( )I remember to see him in the supermarket last week. ( )He looks angrily at his son because he made a mistake. ( )答案和解析
一、填空题答案及解析
sings 解析:主语 She 是第三人称单数,一般现在时,动词用三单形式。to go 解析:want 后接不定式 to do,固定搭配 want to do sth.(想要做某事)。gets 解析:主语 The weather 是不可数名词,一般现在时,动词用三单形式,get 表示 “变得”。have finished 解析:由 already 可知用现在完成时,结构为 have/has+done,主语 We 用 have。Swimming 解析:动名词作主语,swim 的动名词形式是 swimming。clean 解析:make 后接不定式宾补时省略 to,固定搭配 make sb. do sth.(让某人做某事)。was repaired 解析:由 last week 可知用一般过去时,bike 和 repair 是被动关系,用被动语态 was+done。shouldn't 解析:should 的否定形式是 shouldn't,意为 “不应该”。Have; seen 解析:由 before 可知用现在完成时,一般疑问句将 have 提前,动词用过去分词 seen。is dancing 解析:由 now 可知用现在进行时,结构为 am/is/are+doing,主语 The girl 用 is。could 解析:由 when he was five 可知用一般过去时,can 的过去式是 could。meeting 解析:remember doing sth.(记得做过某事),由 yesterday 可知是 “记得见过她”。smell 解析:smell 是感官系动词,主语 The flowers 是复数,用原形,后接形容词作表语。will 解析:由 next month 可知用一般将来时,will + 动词原形,此处直接填 will。to help 解析:ask 后接不定式 to do,固定搭配 ask sb. to do sth.(要求某人做某事)。二、判断对错题答案及解析
F 解析:look 是系动词,前面不能用 is(be 动词和实义动词原形不能连用),应改为 looks。F 解析:enjoy 后接动名词 doing,固定搭配 enjoy doing sth.,应改为 reading。T 解析:give 是双宾语动词,结构 give sth. to sb.(把某物给某人),表达正确。F 解析:three days ago 是一般过去时的标志,不能用现在完成时,应改为 finished。F 解析:现在分词作定语时不能加 is,应改为 The running boy is my brother。T 解析:“疑问词 + to do” 作宾语,表达 “你能告诉我怎么去车站吗”,正确。T 解析:mustn't 表示 “禁止”,句意 “你不能在这里拍照,这是规定”,正确。F 解析:taste 是感官系动词,后接形容词作表语,deliciously 是副词,应改为 delicious。T 解析:need 此处作实义动词,否定形式是 don't need to do sth.,表达正确。F 解析:不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数,are 应改为 is。T 解析:由 at the moment 可知用现在进行时,结构正确,句意 “他们此刻正在操场上踢足球”。F 解析:could 是情态动词,后接动词原形,to 多余,应改为 swim。T 解析:一般过去时的被动语态,结构 was+done,句意 “窗户昨天被汤姆打碎了”,正确。F 解析:由 last week 可知是 “记得做过某事”,应用 remember doing sth.,应改为 meeting。F 解析:look 此处是实义动词,“生气地看” 用副词修饰动作,angrily 正确,但主语 He 是三单,looks 不能用原形,应改为 looks angrily。
动词语法看似复杂,但只要记住“先分谓语非谓语,再拆细分类型”的逻辑,就能轻松突破。建议大家把这篇文章收藏起来,每次做错题都对照着复盘,慢慢就会发现:原来这些考点都是“纸老虎”。
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