更新时间：作者：小小条
一、法律类8题完整口语化范文（可直接背诵）
1. Why did you choose Wuhan University for your Juris Master (Law) program?
“I choose Nanjing University primarily for its outstanding academic reputation in law, especially in civil and commercial law. As one of the top law schools in China, Nanjing University has a strong faculty team—many professors are authoritative experts in their fields, such as Professor [optional name] whose research on contract law deeply inspired me. Additionally, the university’s abundant research resources, like the Institute of Civil and Commercial Law, offer great platforms for academic exploration. My undergraduate thesis focused on the application of electronic contracts, which aligns perfectly with the research direction of Nanjing University’s law school. I believe studying here will help me deepen my professional knowledge and achieve my career goal of becoming a corporate legal counsel.”
2. What is the difference between civil law and criminal law?
“Civil law and criminal law differ fundamentally in three aspects. First, their core purposes: Civil law regulates equal private relationships, such as contracts, torts, and family matters, aiming to protect personal and property rights. Criminal law, however, focuses on punishing crimes that harm public interests or social order, like theft and assault. Second, legal consequences: Violating civil law leads to civil liability, such as compensation, restitution, or performance of obligations. In contrast, criminal liability includes imprisonment, fines, or deprivation of political rights. For example, if someone borrows money and fails to repay, it’s a civil dispute handled by civil law; but if someone steals money, it’s a criminal act regulated by criminal law. Finally, the subjects involved: Civil law disputes are between individuals, enterprises, or other equal subjects, while criminal cases involve the state (prosecution) and the accused.”
3. How do you understand the rule of law in China?
“In my opinion, the rule of law in China means that laws are supreme and all social activities are governed by law. It has three key manifestations: First, a sound legal system—China has established a comprehensive legal framework covering various fields, with the Civil Code as the cornerstone of civil rights protection. Second, impartial law enforcement and judicial justice—law enforcement agencies act in accordance with the law, and courts adjudicate cases fairly to ensure that everyone is equal before the law. Third, universal law-abiding awareness—citizens and organizations respect and abide by the law, and use legal means to protect their rights. The rule of law is crucial for social stability and economic development; it not only restricts the exercise of public power but also safeguards people’s legitimate rights and interests, laying a solid foundation for building a harmonious society.”
4. What do you think about the function of the Civil Code of China?
“The Civil Code of China is a ‘social life encyclopedia’ with irreplaceable functions. Firstly, it unifies scattered civil legal norms—before its enactment, civil rights were regulated by separate laws like the Contract Law and Property Law, but the Civil Code integrates them into a systematic whole, ensuring consistency in legal application. Secondly, it comprehensively protects civil rights, covering personal rights (such as life, health, and privacy), property rights, and claims, forming a full-cycle protection system. For example, it explicitly regulates the protection of personal information and virtual property, which adapts to the needs of the digital era. Thirdly, it promotes social harmony and market order—by clarifying rights and obligations, it resolves civil disputes efficiently and provides clear legal guidelines for market transactions, boosting the development of the socialist market economy.”
5. How to balance the protection of individual rights and public interests?
“Balancing individual rights and public interests requires adhering to two core principles: proportionality and necessity. First, restrictions on individual rights must be necessary—public interests should only be prioritized when individual rights seriously conflict with them. For example, during public health emergencies, temporary restrictions on personal freedom of movement are necessary to prevent the spread of the epidemic, but such restrictions should not exceed the scope needed to achieve the goal. Second, the principle of proportionality—any restriction on individual rights must be proportionate to the protected public interest, and the least restrictive means should be adopted. Additionally, legal norms should clearly define the boundaries between individual rights and public interests, so that both are protected without mutual infringement. For instance, the law allows the government to expropriate private property for public projects, but it must provide reasonable compensation to protect the individual’s property rights.”
6. How does the law regulate artificial intelligence-related activities?
“Regulating AI-related activities is a complex issue that requires targeted legal measures. Currently, the main challenges include liability identification for AI-generated torts, data privacy leakage, and algorithm discrimination. To address these, China has taken multiple steps: First, strengthening data regulation—laws like the Data Security Law and Personal Information Protection Law require AI enterprises to collect and use data in compliance with the law, adhering to the principles of legality, legitimacy, and necessity. Second, clarifying liability boundaries—for AI-generated content that infringes on others’ rights, the generator, operator, or platform may be held liable based on their respective roles. Third, promoting algorithm transparency—requiring enterprises to disclose key algorithmic principles in areas involving public interests, such as employment and finance, to prevent discrimination. In the future, we need to further improve relevant laws and regulations, combining technological supervision (like AI auditing) to create a legal environment that promotes AI development while safeguarding social justice.”
7. What is the significance of the principle of presumption of innocence?
“The principle of presumption of innocence is a cornerstone of modern criminal procedure with profound significance. Firstly, it protects the legitimate rights of criminal suspects and defendants—it stipulates that a person is innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, preventing wrongful convictions caused by presuming guilt. Secondly, it restricts the exercise of public power—prosecution agencies must bear the burden of proof to prove the defendant’s guilt, and courts cannot convict without sufficient evidence. This prevents abuse of power by law enforcement and judicial organs. Thirdly, it promotes judicial fairness and justice—by ensuring that every defendant receives a fair trial and that guilt is determined based on objective evidence, it enhances public trust in the judicial system. For example, in criminal cases, if the prosecution fails to provide sufficient evidence, the defendant should be acquitted, which fully reflects the core value of this principle.”
8. How to view the legal liability of internet platforms?
“Internet platforms bear important legal responsibilities as intermediaries connecting users, merchants, and content creators. Their liabilities mainly include three aspects: First, the duty of supervision—platforms must review and manage content posted by users or merchants to promptly remove illegal information (such as rumors, counterfeit product advertisements, and infringing content) to avoid secondary harm. Second, the duty of notification and response—when receiving reports of infringement, platforms must promptly handle the matter and inform the relevant parties. Third, liability for joint infringement—if a platform knows or should know that a third party is infringing on others’ rights through its platform but fails to take necessary measures, it will be held jointly and severally liable. However, there is a balance to strike: Overly strict liability may hinder platform development, while overly loose regulation may harm users’ rights. Therefore, the law should clearly define the scope of platform liability, encouraging platforms to strengthen self-regulation through technical means (like AI content auditing) while imposing appropriate penalties for dereliction of duty.”
二、法律英语核心词汇清单（按类别整理）
1. 法律基础类
- Juris Master (JM)：法律硕士
- Rule of law：法治
- Legal system：法律体系
- Civil law system：大陆法系
- Common law system：英美法系
- Legal principle：法律原则
- Legal norm：法律规范
- Right and obligation：权利与义务
- Justice：正义
- Equity：公平
- Legality：合法性
- Compliance：合规
2. 民事法律类
- Civil Code：民法典
- Contract law：合同法
- Tort law：侵权责任法
- Property law：物权法
- Personal right：人身权
- Property right：财产权
- Privacy right：隐私权
- Reputation right：名誉权
- Liability for compensation：赔偿责任
- Breach of contract：违约责任
- Joint and several liability：连带责任
- Electronic contract：电子合同
- Virtual property：虚拟财产
3. 刑事法律类
- Criminal law：刑法
- Criminal procedure law：刑事诉讼法
- Presumption of innocence：无罪推定原则
- Burden of proof：举证责任
- Justifiable defense：正当防卫
- Criminal liability：刑事责任
- Imprisonment：监禁
- Fine：罚金
- Infringement：侵权
- Crime：犯罪
- Suspect：犯罪嫌疑人
- Defendant：被告人
- Acquittal：无罪释放
4. 程序法律类
- Litigation：诉讼
- Arbitration：仲裁
- Mediation：调解
- Judicial review：司法审查
- Court：法院
- Prosecution：检察院
- Lawyer/Attorney：律师
- Legal aid：法律援助
- Evidence：证据
- Witness：证人
- Trial：审判
- Verdict：判决
5. 热点相关类
- Artificial intelligence (AI)：人工智能
- Data security：数据安全
- Personal information protection：个人信息保护
- Internet platform：互联网平台
- Digital economy：数字经济
- E-commerce：电子商务
- Live-streaming e-commerce：直播电商
- Environmental protection：环境保护
- Sustainable development：可持续发展
- Carbon neutrality：碳中和
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