更新时间:作者:小小条
一、名词的分类
名词可分为专有名词(如人名、地名)和普通名词。普通名词进一步分为可数名词与不可数名词。
二、可数名词的复数形式

(一)规则变化
1. 一般情况:直接在词尾加 -s。
例如:book → books, desk → desks
2. 以 s, x, ch(发/tʃ/音), sh 结尾:在词尾加 -es。
例如:bus → buses, box → boxes, watch → watches, brush → brushes
3. 以 f 或 fe 结尾:将 f / fe 变为 v,再加 -es。
例如:leaf → leaves, knife → knives
例外:roof → roofs, belief → beliefs 等直接加-s
4. 以辅音字母 + o 结尾:
有生命的加 -es:potato → potatoes, hero → heroes
无生命的加 -s:photo → photos, piano → pianos
注意:部分词如 zoo → zoos, radio → radios 直接加-s
5. 以辅音字母 + y 结尾:将 y 变为 i,再加 -es。
例如:city → cities, family → families
注意:元音字母+y结尾直接加-s,如 boy → boys, day → days
(二)不规则变化
1. 内部元音变化:
man → men, woman → women, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, goose → geese, mouse → mice
2. 词尾加 -(r)en:
child → children, ox → oxen
3. 单复数同形:
sheep → sheep, deer → deer, fish → fish(表种类时可加-es:fishes), Chinese → Chinese, Japanese → Japanese
4. 只有复数形式(通常为成对或集合概念):
clothes, trousers, glasses(眼镜), scissors, thanks
5. “某国人”的复数规则:
中日不变:a Chinese → two Chinese, a Japanese → two Japanese
英法变:an Englishman → two Englishmen, a Frenchman → two Frenchmen
其余加-s:an American → two Americans, a German → two Germans
三、不可数名词
(一)基本特征
不可数名词没有复数形式,前面不能用 a/an 或数词直接修饰,表示数量时需借助量词短语。
(二)数量表达方法
a cup of tea(一杯茶)→ two cups of tea
a bottle of water(一瓶水)→ three bottles of water
a bar of chocolate(一条巧克力)→ several bars of chocolate
a piece of paper(一张纸)→ many pieces of paper
a piece of advice(一条建议)→ two pieces of advice
a bowl of rice(一碗米饭)→ four bowls of rice
a loaf of bread(一条面包)→ two loaves of bread
(三)常见的不可数名词分类与记忆
1. 物质、材料类:
water, milk, tea, coffee, wine, beer, oil, soup, meat, fish, rice, bread, sugar, salt, paper, wood, glass, gold, iron, cloth, silk, air, smoke, fire, ice, snow, rain
2. 抽象概念类:
advice, information, news, knowledge, homework, housework, work, time, money, music, art, love, happiness, anger, patience, courage, health, weather, traffic
3. 学科、语言类:
English, Chinese, mathematics, physics, chemistry, history, geography
4. 其他常见不可数名词:
furniture(家具), luggage / baggage(行李), equipment(设备), progress(进步), permission(允许)
(四)记忆口诀
全木水火土(gold, wood, water, fire, earth)
肉面奶茶布(meat, flour, milk, tea, cloth)
米面食物盐(rice, bread, food, salt)
空气时间钱(air, time, money)
喜怒哀乐抽象词(happiness, anger, sadness, joy)
音乐知识作业务(music, knowledge, homework, housework)
新闻建议信息库(news, advice, information)
家具行李设备组(furniture, luggage, equipment)
四、复合名词的复数形式
1. 主体名词在最后:复数变化体现在主体名词上。
apple tree → apple trees, girl student → girl students, boy friend → boy friends
2. 无主体名词:在词尾加 -s。
grown-up → grown-ups, forget-me-not → forget-me-nots
3. 由 man / woman 修饰:前后两部分都变复数。
man teacher → men teachers, woman doctor → women doctors
4. 带有介词或连字符的复合词:将主要名词部分变复数。
sister-in-law → sisters-in-law, passer-by → passers-by, editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief
五、名词的用法注意事项
1. 集体名词:
看作整体时用单数:
My family is large.
强调成员时用复数:
My family are all teachers.
2. 形复意单名词:
news, politics, physics 等词
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