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虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood),用于表达 非真实的假设、愿望、建议、命令、推测或与事实相反的情况。

其核心特点是通过动词形式的变化来体现 “非现实性”。用法如下:
虚拟条件句分为真实条件句(可能性大,用陈述语气)和非真实条件句(可能性小或与事实相反,用虚拟语气)。
非真实条件句根据时间分为三类:
1. 与现在事实相反
•从句:if + 主语 + 过去式(be 动词统一用 were)
•主句:主语 + would/could/might/should + 动词原形
•例:If I were you, I would apologize.(如果我是你,我会道歉。)
•If she had time, she might join us.(如果她有时间,可能会加入我们。)
2. 与过去事实相反
•从句:if + 主语 + had + 过去分词
•主句:主语 + would/could/might/should + have + 过去分词
•例:If you had told me earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train.(你若早告诉我,我就不会错过火车了。)
•Had he known the risk, he might not have taken the job.(=If he had known…,他若知道风险,可能不会接受这份工作。)
3. 与将来事实相反(假设未来可能性极低)
•从句:
◦if + 主语 + 过去式
◦if + 主语 + were to + 动词原形(更正式)
◦if + 主语 + should + 动词原形(暗含 “万一”)
•主句:主语 + would/could/might/should + 动词原形
•例:If it rained tomorrow, we would cancel the picnic.(若明天下雨,我们会取消野餐。)If he were to fail the exam, he would be disappointed.(若他考试不及格,会很失望。)
1. 宾语从句
•表示 “建议、要求、命令” 的动词(如 suggest, advise, recommend, demand, require, request, order, command 等)后,从句用 (should) + 动词原形,should 可省略。
•例:The doctor advised that she (should) take a rest.(医生建议她休息。)
•They demanded that the company (should) compensate the workers.(他们要求公司赔偿工人。)
•Wish 后的宾语从句(表达难以实现的愿望):
◦与现在相反:从句用过去式(be 动词用 were)
◦I wish I were taller.(我希望我更高。)
◦与过去相反:从句用 had + 过去分词
◦She wishes she had studied abroad.(她希望曾出国留学。)
◦与将来相反:从句用 would/could + 动词原形
◦I wish you would come back soon.(我希望你很快回来。)
2. 主语从句
•句型 It is + 形容词 / 过去分词 / 名词 + that 从句 中,若形容词 / 过去分词 / 名词表示 “建议、必要、奇怪、要求” 等,从句用 (should) + 动词原形。
◦形容词:necessary, important, strange, natural, essential, vital
◦过去分词:suggested, requested, ordered, recommended
◦名词:a pity, a shame, no wonder
◦例:It is important that we (should) protect the environment.(我们保护环境很重要。)
◦It was suggested that the meeting (should) be held online.(有人建议会议在线上召开。)
3. 表语从句 / 同位语从句
•当先行词是 suggestion, advice, demand, plan, requirement 等表示 “建议、计划、要求” 的名词时,从句用 (should) + 动词原形。
•例:My suggestion is that we (should) start early.(我的建议是我们早出发。)
•They accepted the plan that we (should) build a new library.(他们接受了建图书馆的计划。)
1. 省略 if 的倒装句
若条件句中有 were, had, should,可省略 if 并将这三个词提前至句首,形成倒装。
例:Were I you, I would try again.(=If I were you…)
Had she arrived on time, we could have started earlier.(=If she had arrived…)
Should it snow, we would stay at home.(=If it should snow…)
2. 错综时间虚拟句
从句和主句的时间不一致(如从句表过去,主句表现在),动词形式分别根据各自时间调整。例:If you had studied hard before, you would be better now.(过去没努力→现在能力不足)If I were you, I would have taken the job.(现在是你→过去会接受工作)
3. 含蓄条件句
无需 if 引导,通过 without, but for, or, otherwise 等词暗示假设。
例:Without your help, I couldn’t have succeeded.(=If I hadn’t had your help…)
But for the rain, we would be playing outside.(=If it weren’t for the rain…)
Hurry up, or you would miss the bus.(=If you didn’t hurry up…)
4. As if /as though 引导的从句
表示 “仿佛、好像” 时,若描述的是 非真实情况,用虚拟语气:
•与现在相反:过去式(be 动词用 were)He acts as if he were the boss.(他表现得好像是老板。)
•与过去相反:had + 过去分词She talked about the city as if she had been there.(她聊起那座城市,仿佛去过一样。)
5. It’s (high/about) time that…
表示 “该做某事了”,从句用 过去式 或 should + 动词原形(should 不可省略)。
例:It’s time you went to bed.(=It’s time you should go to bed. 你该睡觉了。)
核心区别:虚拟语气表达 非真实、假设的情况,而陈述语气描述事实或可能发生的事。
真实条件句(陈述语气):真实条件句用于表达在现实中很有可能发生的情况,从句和主句都使用陈述语气,遵循 “主将从现”“主情从现”“主祈从现” 等时态规则。
“主将从现”:主句用一般将来时(will + 动词原形),从句用一般现在时表示将来可能发生的动作或状态。
例:If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(明天下雨是有可能发生的,所以用真实条件句)
“主情从现”:主句用情态动词(can, may, must 等) + 动词原形,从句用一般现在时 。
例:You can pass the exam if you study hard.(只要努力学*,通过考试是很可能的)
“主祈从现”:主句为祈使句,从句用一般现在时。
例:Come early if you have time.(如果有时间就早点来,是基于现实情况的指令)
特殊引导词:除了 if,还可用 as long as(只要)、so long as(只要)、unless(除非) 等引导真实条件句。
例:You will succeed as long as you keep trying.(只要持续努力,就会成功)
例:She won't come unless you invite her.(除非你邀请她,否则她不会来)
真实条件句的核心在于描述基于现实逻辑的因果关系,条件实现的可能性较高。虚拟条件句则用于表达与事实相反或可能性极低的假设,二者在时态和语义上形成鲜明对比。
总结
虚拟语气的关键是 “动词形式比实际时间倒退一步”:
•表现在:用过去式(were/did)
•表过去:用过去完成时(had done)
•表将来:用过去式 /should/were to + 动词原形
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